Triathlon Ireland - Manual of Guidance

Triathlon Ireland (TI) Manual of Guidance

Version : January 2006

Copies for printing are available here in [.pdf] and [.doc] formats.

The Appendices are available below [click]

Table of Contents

Section 1 Introduction

1.0 Introduction

Application of this Manual of Guidance
Triathlon Ireland Ltd.
International Governing Body Affiliations
Triathlon Ireland Organisational Structure
Forming a Triathlon Club
Equality Statement
Status of this Manual of Guidance

1.1 Definition of Triathlon

What is a Triathlon
The Order of Disciplines/Segments
Variety of Distances
Normal Competition Distances

1.2 Definition of Duathlon

What is a Duathlon?
Normal Competition Distances

1.3 Definition of Aquathlon

1.4 Alternative Race Distances

1.5 National and Provincial Championships

1.6 Definition of Transition

What is Transition
When does transition occur
Positioning and Layout

1.7 Competition Categories

Elite A
Elite B
Age Groups
Under 23
Junior
Youth
Children's age groups
Athletes with a Disability

Section 2 Events Planning and Management

2.0 Event Organisers Guide - Introduction

2.1 Application for a Race Permit

2.2 Application Process

2.3 Pre Event Planning and Preparation

2.4 The Law and Triathlon/Duathlon

2.5 Planning the Course

2.6 Measuring and Marking the Course

2.7 Race Information

2.8 Race Entry Form

2.9 Registration

2.10 Marshalling

2.11 Draft Busters

2.12 Race Briefings

2.13 Transition Area

2.14 Start and Finish

2.15 Timing and Results

2.16 Event Facilities

2.17 Medical Facilities

2.18 Drug Testing/Anti Doping Protocols

2.19 Communications

2.20 Finance

2.21 Competitor Information

2.22 Swim Section

2.22.1 Environmental Considerations

2.22.2 Wave Starts

2.23 Cycle Section

2.24 Run Section

2.25 Finish Area

2.26 Duathlons

2.27 Relay Teams

2.28 Team Competition

2.29 Prizes

2.30 Children's Events

2.31 Public/Press Relations and Promotion

2.32 Risk Assessment

Section 3 Competition Rules

3.0 Roles and Responsibilities of Officials

3.1 The Triathlon Ireland Technical Delegate (TD)

3.2 The Race Referee

3.3 Race Marshals

3.4 Race Stewards

3.5 Competition Jury

3.6 Appeals/Protest Procedure

3.7 Pre-Race Briefing

3.8 General Rules for Competitors

3.9 Equipment

3.10 Sponsorship

3.11 Doping

3.12 Transition Area Conduct

3.13 Swimming Conduct

3.13.1 Swim Proficiency Declaration

3.13.2 General Rules

3.13.3 Swimming Equipment, Clothing and Race Numbers

3.13.4 Technical Rules - Swimming

3.14 Cycling Conduct

3.14.1 General Rules

3.14.2 Drafting

3.14.3 Cycling Equipment

3.14.3.1 Handlebars

3.14.3.2 Helmets

3.15 Running Conduct

3.16 Discipline of Competitors and Penalties

3.16.1 Warnings

3.16.2 Disqualification

3.16.3 Appropriate Penalties

3.16.3.1 Disqualification

3.16.3.2 Disqualification If Fault Not Rectified After A Warning

3.16.3.3 3.16.3.3 Time Penalty

3.16.4 Disciplinary Action.

3.17 Additional Rules for Physically Challenged Competition

3.17.1 Competition Categories

3.17.2 General Rules

3.17.3 Transition Area Conduct

3.17.4 Swimming Conduct / Equipment

3.17.5 Cycling Conduct / Equipment

3.17.6 Running Conduct / Equipment

APPENDICES

Click on Appendix to Download

Appendix A Application Form for a Race Permit

Appendix B Competitors Sign On Sheets

Appendix C Officials Sign On Sheets

Appendix D Incident Report Form

Appendix E Generic Risk Assessment

Appendix F Technical Delegates Checklist

Appendix G Race Permit ( only available from Technical Delegate on Race Day)

Appendix H Water Safety Plan

TRIATHLON IRELAND LTD

MANUAL OF GUIDANCE

SECTION 1

1.0 Introduction

This Manual of Guidance will apply to all events sanctioned by Triathlon Ireland Ltd.
Triathlon Ireland (TI) is a Limited Company with registered offices located at 20 Broadford Lawn, Ballinteer, Dublin 16.
TI is the National Governing Body for all Triathlon, Duathlon and variations of same within the territorial Island of Ireland. TI is affiliated to the World (International Triathlon Union - ITU) and European (European Triathlon Union - ETU) Governing Bodies.
TI has a hierarchical organisational structure governed by a Council of Officers elected at the Annual General Meeting in accordance with the Constitution. It is intended that Provincial Branch Committees, Connaught, Leinster, Munster and Ulster will support the TI Council in its regulatory/management role and will also be elected at the respective Branch Annual General meeting in accordance with the Constitution. A network of clubs, affiliated to TI, caters for social interaction of members and provides opportunities to access training facilities and competition. Where a Provincial Branch Committee is not in existence all responsibilities will be undertaken by Triathlon Ireland Council and appointed officers.
Mandatory requirements for the formation of a new Triathlon Club are as follows:
- Four Club members
- Club Members must be members of Triathlon Ireland
- Club must have a Chairperson, Secretary and Treasurer.
A club constitution should be drawn up.
TI aims to ensure a high standard and quality for all sanctioned events promoting the sport of Triathlon (including Duathlon) for all people who live in Ireland being mindful of the need to carry out all functions in a manner that promotes equality of opportunity between:
- Persons of different religious belief, political opinion, racial group, age, marital status or sexual orientation.
- Between men and women generally.
- Between persons with a disability and persons without.
- Between persons with dependants and persons without.
The Stipulations in this document are mandatory. TI Council, and/or a duly authorised representative are empowered to accept/propose deviations from this document. Amendments to and modifications of this document may take place at any time in accordance with the TI Constitution in order to safeguard the interests of TI and to improve standards.

1.1 Definition of Triathlon

A Triathlon is an endurance and versatility sport comprising a combination of swimming, cycling and running normally carried out in that stated order of disciplines, and with the clock running continuously during transitions.
The order of segments can be changed but only with special care as there can be problems with tired athletes entering the swim section and/or drafting during the cycle ride. It is also possible to introduce a seasonal variety by substituting one or more segments with more suitable endurance sports activities but this new combination must be given a name that describes its special nature. TI competition rules do not apply to these special events and there shall be no national championships.
There can be a wide variety of distances. The "standard" (sometimes referred to as “Olympic”) distance events comprise a 1500-metre swim, 40-kilometre cycle and 10 kilometres run. Pro Rata variations (greater or lesser) of the standard distances can be used in order to cater for the huge range of abilities that triathlon attracts, from the novice to the long distance endurance athlete. “Off Road” events involve the use of Mountain Bikes and cross-country running.
Triathlons will be held over the following distances:

Swim
Cycle
Run
Sprint*
750m
20km
5km
Standard * **
1500m
40km
10km
Long*
4 km
130km
30km
Ironman**
3800
180km
42.2km

* Standard ITU Distances and format however see 1.4 below.
** The terms "Olympic" and "Ironman" refer to events organised by the International Olympic Committee and the World Triathlon Corporation respectively.

1.2 Definition of Duathlon

A Duathlon is an endurance and versatility sport combining any two of the disciplines of triathlon raced with the clock running continuously. Events are usually organised as run/cycle/run races, the second run often being shorter than the first. It is possible to exclude the last running segment of a duathlon, but there shall be no national championships in this combination. Events commonly referred to as “Aquathlons” involve only the disciplines of Swimming and Running.
Duathlons will be held over the following distances:

Run
Cycle
Run
Sprint*
5 km
20 km
2.5km/3km
International*
10 km
40 km
5 km
Long*
10 km
60 km
10 km

* Standard ITU distances and format however see 1.4 below.

1.3 Definition of Aquathlon

	Run	Swim	Run
International*	2.5 km	1 km	2.5 km
Long*	5 km	2 km	5 km

* Standard ITU Distances and format however see 1.4 below.

1.4 Definition of Aquathlon

In order to provide opportunities for novice competitors and to develop the sport, triathlon duathlon and aquathlon events may be organised over alternative distances as determined by the event organiser. However, where possible the distance should be pro rata to those above and the name given to such events should clearly describe their special nature. Particular care is needed in respect of events organised for children and youths. Please refer to Section 2 of this Manual of Guidance.

1.5 National and Provincial Championships

Irish and Provincial Championships events must comply with the distances stated in Paragraphs 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. In exceptional cases, TI or the Provincial Branch may grant approval for a race to be classified as a Championship event where an organiser cannot, for practical reasons, comply with the proper distances.

1.6 Definition of Transition

This is the term used to describe the change over between the individual segments of a Triathlon or Duathlon. Transition can be regarded as a “Fourth” discipline and athletes often train hard at perfecting transition technique. Races can be won or lost on a good or bad transition because the clock runs continuously throughout.
Transition 1 occurs between Swim/Cycle in triathlon or Run 1/Cycle in duathlon. Transition 2 occurs between Cycle/Run (triathlon) and Run 2 (duathlon).
Positioning and layout of Transition must be carefully planned. It is preferable to have only one Transition location but in exceptional or peculiar circumstances it is possible to have Transition 1 and Transition 2 at separate locations subject to additional planning, security and safety considerations, which can prove problematic. More information is provided in Section 2 of this Manual.

1.7 Competition Categories

Elite A - Athletes with World Ranking points/finishing within ITU percentage cut-off and quality of field standards and/or in receipt of financial assistance from the Irish Sports Council (ISC) Carding Scheme/Sports Council Northern Ireland (SCNI) Athlete Support Programme.
Elite B - Athletes selected for International (World and European) Championships.
Age Groups - Determined by age as of December 31^st in the year of Competition, including Athletes with a Disability (AWAD)

20 - 24yrs 50 - 54yrs 80 - 84yrs
25 - 29yrs 55 - 59yrs 85 - 89yrs
30 - 34yrs 60 - 64yrs 90 - 95yrs
35 - 39yrs 65 - 69yrs 95 - 100yrs etc
40 - 44yrs 70 - 74yrs
44 - 49yrs 75 - 79yrs
Under 23 Category Competition - Athletes aged 18 - 23 years as of December 31^st in the year of the competition.
Junior Category Competition - Athletes aged 16 - 19 years as of December 31^st in the year of the competition.
Youth Category Competition - Athletes aged 14 - 15 years as of December 31^st in the year of the competition
Children Age Group Categories:

8 yrs 11 - 12 yrs
9 - 10 yrs 13 - 14 yrs
Athletes with a Disability:

Section 2 - Event Planning and Management

2.0 Event Organisers Guide

The following section provides information and advice for anyone involved with the management and organisation of events.

Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation of this document and the information contained within, Triathlon Ireland and its agents cannot accept any responsibility for inaccuracies nor for any loss or negligence arising out of this guide.

It is the responsibility of the Event Organiser to ensure that a comprehensive Risk Assessment is carried out and that appropriate safety measures are put in place. The following notes will assist in this task but every event has its own unique nuances therefore additional considerations may be appropriate.

2.1 Application for a TI Race Permit

An organisation or persons wishing to hold a triathlon or duathlon competition within the auspices of Triathlon Ireland Rules shall make application for an Event Permit:

In the case of an International or National Event - to the Race Secretary of Triathlon Ireland;
In the case of a Provincial, Try or Fun Event - to the Race Secretary of the Provincial Branch in whose area the event will take place; (Where a provincial branch does not exist applications will be made to Triathlon Ireland)

Organisers who seek to host National or Provincial Championships Events should make application, in writing, for this status prior to the Annual General Meeting of TI or the relevant Provincial Branch.

All printed matter, press releases, and media coverage relevant to a TI approved event shall specifically state that fact.

TI members who take part or assist in an event that is not in accordance with TI laws do so entirely at their own risk. TI will accept no liability whatsoever for any consequence arising from participation in such an event.

2.2 Application Process

Application for inclusion on the TI Event calendar should be made by 31st October of the preceding year in order to facilitate preparation of the Race Calendar and to avoid clashes of dates for events. In the event of a clash of dates that cannot be resolved by discussion TI reserves the right to act in the best interests of the sport and decline to issue a race permit if appropriate in the circumstances. Applications should be madeby contact with the TI or relevant Provincial Branch Race Secretary providing the following information:

Proposed Race Date
Race Name
Triathlon Club
Category of Event/Distances
Specific Race Location
Race Director
Proposed Start Time
Pre Entry Yes/No (Compulsory for all Open Water Events)
Method of Timing - Chip Request Yes/No
Contact Details - Name, Phone Numbers, Email Address

An Event Organisers Pack consisting of the following documents will be forwarded upon receipt of the above application:

A cover Letter
Synopsis of Section 2 Manual of Guidance
Application Form for Event Permit (Appendix A)
Competitors Sign On Forms (Appendix B)
Officials Sign On Forms (Appendix C)
Incident Report Form (For completion post event) (Appendix D)
Generic Risk Assessment Aide Memoir (Appendix E)
TI Technical Delegates Checklist (Appendix F)
Outline Water Safety Plan (Appendix H)

Application for an event permit will be made on the official form at the earliest possible opportunity and not later than three months in advance of the proposed date for the event and be accompanied by the appropriate fee as determined from time to time by Triathlon Ireland. (Appendix A)

TI or Relevant Provincial Race Secretary will allocate a Technical Delegate (TD) when the race permit application and fee have been received. The TD must then be informed about the swim, bike and run routes at the earliest possible opportunity and this official will review all event arrangements in the context of TI Rules and provide assistance in respect of Risk Assessment.

The race permit will be issued on race day by the TD, in consultation with the Appointed TI Race Referee and Event Organiser when they are satisfied that the race will take place under safe and fair conditions. (Appendix G)

TI or Provincial Branch Race Secretary will appoint a Race Referee who will enforce Triathlon Ireland Competition Rules and Regulations. (Accessible via Triathlon Ireland Website)

All competitors in a TI sanctioned event must be members of TI, or another NGB of Triathlon which TI recognises and accepts, and must possess a valid Race Licence. A One Day Race licence, which includes One Day membership of TI can be purchased from the TI Technical Delegate on the day or by advance payment at the time of entry, by competitors who are not existing full members of an accepted NGB. Such a licence is only valid on the day of the specific event, but confers full membership entitlements for that day only, and the cost will be as determined from time to time by TI. One day Licence Fees are payable to TI or the Relevant Provincial Branch.

All officials are required to be members of TI, or another recognised Governing Body for Triathlon, on the day of the event. Completion of the Officials Sign On sheet confers membership for the day of the event. All Officials, whether existing members or not, must sign on prior to the event.

2.3 Pre-event Planning and Preparation.

Organising a triathlon or duathlon is time consuming and complex. A multiplicity of tasks must be completed and specialist advice will be needed for Open Water competition and events held on open public roads. Formation of a management team is often the best way to proceed. Such a team could comprise:

Event Organiser - the person who has ultimate responsibility for the event
Event Administrator - responsible for the distribution of the various forms etc., related to the event and who can deputise for the event organiser
Course Organiser - responsible for mapping, marking and measuring the site and each segment of the course
Finance Administrator - responsible for budget and administration of all financial aspects of the event including sponsorship search
Press/public relations' officer to market and promote the event and provide comment and post event results to the press
Others with specialist knowledge, e.g. the cycle course and its organisation, the swim, time recording, finishing results etc.

Regular structured planning meetings will ensure a smooth transition from concept to reality.

Suggested Essential Meetings:

Initial Concept meeting to discuss proposed event, where, what type, how big, what can you manage?
Statutory and voluntary agencies - Police, Ambulance etc to discuss permissions. Do you need permission to use the swim or run venue? Who can assist with Marshals etc?
TI Technical Delegate to discuss all aspects of event organisation in the context of TI Rules.
Media briefing, press/TV and so on.
Officials' briefing/ pre event training.
Post event wash up to discuss problems and how to correct them.

2.4 The Law and Triathlons/Duathlons

Cycle Racing on Roads is governed by Road Traffic Legislation and requires Police approval. Organisers must ensure that written notification of the planned event is submitted to Police within the statutory time limits relevant to the legal jurisdiction in which the event is to be held.

2.5 Planning the Course

Choosing the course is one of the most important factors that will influence the success or otherwise of a race. Options are discussed in more detail in the ensuing paragraphs headed swim, cycle and run.

Basic course designs include:

Out and back
Circuit or multi-lap
Place to place

All need careful consideration for safety, fairness and suitability.

2.6 Measuring and Marking the Course

The Course should be measured well in advance so that any necessary alterations can be made and to ensure that accurate information is advertised and/or announced in pre event briefings.

Turn round points must be clearly marked and it is most helpful to competitors and officials to have kilometre/mile markers on the route. These can serve as location indicators in the event of an incident. The course should be carefully surveyed to ensure that sufficient signs of the correct design are ordered and positioned at the correct places. Existing statutory road signs must not be obscured or interfered with in any way.

2.7 Race information

Competitors, officials and other interested bodies require basic, accurate information. It can be imparted on the entry form and/or information pack.

The basic information should include:

When: date, start and finish time, prize giving.
Where: location, directions and maps.
What: distance and type of race, terrain.
Arrangements for refreshment stations needs to be communicated to competitors prior to their arrival at the event, this is particularly important in longer distance races.
How much: entry fee, prize purse, and extras.
Format: pool or open water swims, public roads, wave starts, age group categories.
Registration: how, when, where.
Results: when, where will they be published

Any alteration to the published information should be made available as soon as possible, by means of the race information pack or displayed in a prominent position on race day and included in the race briefing.

2.8 Race Entry Form

The Entry form should contain the following information:

Name of race
Distances
Date
Time of registration
Time of race start
Entry Fees (These may vary by category e.g. junior, relay team)
Entry Closing Date
One Day Licence Requirement for Non TI Members
Race contact Number/Address
Event Website Details

Race entrant details:

Surname
First Name
Full postal address
Email address
Telephone Number
Gender
Date of Birth
Age on 31 December of year of competition. (See Para. 1.7)
Category (specific age group, etc.)
Club (if any)
TI Membership Number (if any)
A Swim Proficiency Declaration (Section 3 Para 3.13.1)
Other info that might be needed would be:
- Estimated swim time
- Estimated bike time
- Estimated run time
- T-shirt size

Consideration should also be given to including a disclaimer on the entry form. A suggested form of words could be:

“I agree and acknowledge that participation in or observation of sport could constitute a risk of serious injury to myself, including permanent paralysis or death. I voluntarily and knowingly recognize, accept and assume this risk and warrants to Triathlon Ireland and its Associates that I am physically fit and able to compete in this event without risking serious injury, including permanent paralysis or death. Furthermore, I hereby release the Event Organizers, Triathlon Ireland, their Associates, their Sponsors, Event Sponsors, and Officials from any liability arising from my participation in this event. I agree that neither Triathlon Ireland nor its Associates shall be, nor be deemed to be, responsible or liable (whether in contract or in tort or under any statute whatsoever), for any injury, illness or other mishap to myself or my property, sustained in, or arising from or out of, or in any way directly or indirectly connected with this event.”

Entrants should be asked to reveal any medical or other condition that could present a risk to themselves or others and should be instructed to write this information clearly on the reverse of their race number on race day.

Note: Pre Entry is compulsory for all Open Water Events.

2.9 Registration

The registration procedure should be made known to competitors prior to arrival at the event (major competition) but in the majority of cases the arrangements can and should be clearly signed at the competition venue. The registration area must be capable of coping with the number of entries and have clearly designated entrance and exit points with sufficient personnel to ensure no undue delay or loitering in the proximity.

It is standard to have defined points at registration to:

Check TI licence and memberships. (TI Technical Delegate)
Check competitor against list of entrants to determine starters/non-starters. (Event Organiser)
Check competitor information is correct (i.e. name, age, etc.). (Event Organiser)
Issue race numbers. (Event Organiser)
Issue T Shirts/Goody Bags etc.

The registration area is also a good place to have a race information board to give race details and any last minute changes to the published programme.

2.10 Marshalling

When the course has been decided it is necessary to identify how many marshals will be required and where they are needed. Local swimming, canoeing and athletic clubs may be able to assist and local gyms, health clubs, youth groups, advanced motor cycling groups, Rotary and Lions Clubs may be keen to be involved. However it is important that marshals are of a calibre to carry out the function required of them. Remember to include marshals in catering, T-shirt and Goody bag distribution. These little rewards will encourage them to help out again. A donation to their clubs or a nominated charitable cause is another possible incentive.

This is a responsible role, which will reflect on the standard of the event so it is important to invest in briefing and training of volunteers who will be performing key functions. Problems are likely if an event is inadequately marshalled, therefore marshals must always be given an understanding of their role, be alert and capable of the task to which allocated.

Marshals have no authority to control or direct traffic. A police presence should be requested if vehicle controls are needed on public roads or there is a road safety issue. This is particularly relevant where there is a number of traffic lights controlled junctions or pedestrian crossings on the cycle route.

Marshals on public roads should be issued with High Visibility Jackets/bibs and it is recommended that all marshals should have highly visible, distinctive bibs or T-shirts that identifies their role.

The following areas will require marshalling:

Open Water Swims: Appoint a Water Safety Officer who has experience of local Tides, currents and eddies and who can prepare a detailed Water Safety Plan (appendix H), safety crew, start/finish marshals, turn point marshals, swim exit to transition marshals, spectator control.
Pool Swims: Safety Staff, starter, timekeepers, lap counters, poolside marshals to control over enthusiastic spectators etc.
Transition: Appoint a Senior Transition Marshal, Bike/Helmet check in Marshals, Security, and Direction/flow marshals.
Cycle: Appoint Senior Cycle Marshal, Draft Busters, junction/direction marshals, and route sign erection.
Run: Appoint Senior Run Marshal, junction/direction marshals, and route sign erection.
Others: Appoint Senior Registration Marshal and staff, Commentator and assistant, staff for refreshments stations especially to hand out drinks at finish, timing and results - 3 or 4 people will be needed to assist even with electronic timing, relief and spare marshals.

Remember that people will be needed to help set up transition, the course, refreshment stations and most importantly to dismantle all of these facilities when the event is over. Litter collection must also be included in the plans.

2.11 Draft Busters.

Drafting is explained in more detail within the Competition Rules Section. Draft Busters are Marshals who have been trained/briefed in Competition Rules and support the Race Referee in enforcement. They can provide a valuable service on the course when mobile on motorcycles and can monitor the entire event for safety, locating breakdowns and/or medical problems and can respond quickly to any emergency.

Where it would be unsafe to deploy motorcycles on the route draft busters can be placed at static positions so that they have good vision of what is going on and can record race numbers of those who break the rules for reporting to the referee at a later time.

It is recommended that only advanced motorcyclists or those who have undergone specific training in Draft busting should be employed on the cycle course. Motorcyclists should be reminded of their obligations to inform their insurance provider and confirm the validity of their cover for this role.

The recommended ratio of Draft Busters is:

Long Distance:	1 to 50 Competitors
Standard and Short Distance:	1 to 30 Competitors

2.12 Race Briefings

At least two briefings will be essential, one for competitors and a separate one for marshals. Times and locations of the briefings need to be clearly advertised. Competitors briefing should be in an area that facilitates the anticipated number of competitors and where the message will be clearly audible to everyone. Public address facilities may be needed. Prevailing safety issues should be addressed and information updates provided at these briefings. It may be necessary to have a series of briefings for wave start events. Care must be taken to ensure that the information given is identical for each briefing in order to avoid any possibility of competitors gaining an unfair advantage or making any such allegation.

The Appointed Race Referee should attend briefings and provide information updates on his/her role and responsibilities as well as the responsibilities of competitors and standards of conduct that will be expected.

2.13 Transition Area

This should be a clearly defined area to which only competitors and race officials can gain access. To this end it is advisable to utilise some form of barriers or fencing to create a compound.

The Senior Transition Marshal will be responsible for all aspects of organisation and safety within the transition area. In particular this Senior Marshal must ensure that competition rules regarding helmet violations, mounting and dismounting, display of race numbers and conduct within transition are enforced. (See TI Competition Rules Section 3)

It is preferable to have only one designated Entry Point prior to the competition starting but in very big competitions more than one may be necessary. Pre event entry points should be strictly controlled to ensure that only competitors and officials can gain access and to carry out bike and helmet checks. The personal equipment of competitors is valuable property that is being entrusted to the Event Organiser's care in transition and must be adequately secured.

The Transition area must have clearly marked openings for entry from the swim, a cycle exit and entry points, and a run exit point. These openings should be wide enough to allow competitors to proceed without interference or hindrance and should be staffed with marshals for directional and security reasons.

Transition design should ensure no cross over points or that any advantage can be gained from the position allocated to an athlete for bike racking. Cycle racks, or some form of support for bikes, should be provided within transition. Each competitor should have sufficient space to set out their equipment without interference or hindrance to themselves or others.

Athletes will be barefoot between the swim and transition hence the surface must be free of debris and sufficiently smooth or covered with a temporary non-slip surface.

2.14 Start and Finish

Start and Finish lines must be clearly defined. Athletes must be fully briefed about the start procedure, which should also include information on possible risks in the initial stages when swimmers are in large groups. In Open Water Competition it is better to allow those athletes who have fast swim times to start in earlier waves or at the front of the start group in order to avoid a situation where they may possibly come into conflict with slower swimmers. The emphasis must always be on safety. In Pool based competition the “Elite” category or faster competitors usually go in the later waves.

A run start will NOT be permitted under any circumstances in open water competition.

Depending on the number of entries consideration should be given to having a “Finish chute” that will channel competitors to the finish line and exclude non-competitors. A finish gantry, banner and timing clock are desirable and where large numbers are anticipated an exclusion zone should be provided behind the finish line to protect competitors and facilitate press interviews, race commentary and recovery of electronic timing chips.

Refer also to Swim Section (Para. 2.22.2) Wave Starts for more information.

2.15 Timing and Results

Preparing results can be difficult and demanding. Competitors can become impatient waiting to know how they performed and frustrations might become evident. It is vital that production of accurate race results forms part of the Organisers Planning process.

How this is carried out will depend on the size of the event and number of competitors. Where numbers are relatively small a manual system of recording times should be sufficient and results can be produced by hand. However time keeping can be tricky and this method requires dedicated marshals to ensure that all finishers are recorded and accurate times noted from stopwatches. This can be difficult especially if a number of competitors finish together hence the need for much more than one set of eyes. One or two marshals (two provides a fail-safe backup in the event of someone being missed by the other) should be committed to noting finish numbers and times while others will “spot” finishers and call out the race number and finishing time. A pre-prepared finishing pro forma is invaluable. When the finishing times have been collated they must then be checked against the entry sheets to establish results by race category, age group etc. before the completed results can be published.

Where manual timing is used for open water swim events special arrangements must be put in place, including a swimmer identification control point, to ensure that all swimmers who enter are counted out of the water. This can be achieved by use of numbered rubber wristbands which are allocated to every swimmer, corresponding to their individual race number, worn by the swimmer during the swim and must be handed to a marshal as the competitor emerges from the water. The surrendered wristbands are then placed on a display board, which has numbered retaining hooks, corresponding to the individual race numbers of every swimmer and their wristband, thus providing a speedy visual accounting procedure.

A computerised timing system is preferable for larger events. Details of agents who provide such a service can be obtained from Triathlon Ireland. These systems involve the use of an Electronic Timing Chip (ETC) worn by the competitor, which monitors and records times at various stages of the event when the athlete passes over an electronic sensor, thus providing an integral accounting system. However, it is advisable to have manual back up available in the event of system failure.

The Organiser may announce part results in the course of a competition. However these are purely preliminary until such times as official confirmation is received. Competitors and team leaders should immediately bring any apparent discrepancy in results to the attention of the Organiser and/or Race Referee in order that it can be investigated.

Official results shall be announced at the prize giving ceremony.

Final Results shall pend confirmation of the outcome of any Doping Tests. Where no such tests are conducted the results shall be as announced.

2.16 Event Facilities.

The size of the event will dictate what facilities are needed on site or nearby. It is often advisable to use local shops, restaurants etc as this encourages support for the event, which is then seen to contribute to local trade and community life.

The following needs consideration:

Car Parking: Competitors, spectators and officials. Positioned so as not to interfere with the course.
Changing: Washing and toilet facilities: Competitors, spectators and officials.
Secure Area: Storage of baggage and other valuable items.
Refreshments: Competitors, officials and spectators.

Water/fluid stations should be available at strategic points on the course for all three disciplines including transition area. Best use can be made of the course layout e.g. on an out and back course one station can supply athletes travelling past in two directions by covering both sides of the road. For standard distance events fluid should at least be provided midway in the run and in transition for both cycle and swim segments. Guideline:

Cycling: every 20 -30 kilometres
Running: every 2 - 3 kilometres

Long distance events (3 hours or more) will require food/nutritional supplements to be provided by the organiser.

Note that, with the exception of Long Distance events, competitors are NOT permitted to receive supplements, additional to what they can carry themselves, from anyone other than the organiser in the course of a competition.

In Long Distance events, competitors may bring their own food and drink, which can be handed out by personal helpers, only at an official food and drink station.

2.17 Medical Facilities.

It is imperative that adequate medical services are provided. These can be obtained from Voluntary First Aid organisations. Some commercial organisations also provide a professional medical and ambulance service. A Doctor is not mandatory but it is advisable, particularly for open water events.

Local Hospital Emergency and Ambulance services should be made aware that the event is taking place so that they can make plans if necessary. This is compulsory for open water swim events.

There must be sufficient personnel to cope with any situation especially when an open water swim is involved. A minimum ratio of 1 First Aid professional to 50 Competitors is recommended. First aid points are best located at sites of identified high risk on the course. The medical personnel must be fully briefed on course layout, areas of identified risk and means of access to first aid stations prior to the start.

Lifeboat and Coastguard personnel can provide very good rescue and first aid support for the swim section.

2.18 Drug Testing/Anti Doping Protocols

TI subscribes to The World Anti Doping Agency protocols and will comply with all requirements in respect of Drug Testing. TI may notify an organiser that a Testing Unit will attend the event and will liase in respect of what facilities and equipment will be required. This will usually be provision of “Chaperons” for athletes selected for testing and a room with convenient drinking water and toilet facilities.

2.19 Communications.

It is important that adequate Communications facilities are available to ensure that vital information is relayed speedily between officials on the course, the Race Referee, Race Headquarters, Race Organiser/Director, Rescue Crews and Medical Support Staff. They are also of valuable assistance to the Commentary Team.

It is important that Race Headquarters, Race Organiser/Director etc have a means of communication with emergency services should this become necessary.

Some Race Organisers borrow radio equipment from other clubs and organisations or equipment can be hired or purchased but this might prove expensive. One practical option is to use mobile telephones and provide all officials with a list of telephone numbers of all people involved with organisation and regulation of the race.

For large events it is recommended that a small central information clearing office be set up to act as a Race Control. This will facilitate co-ordination and communication with other agencies and ensure that all relevant information is recorded at one location.

2.20 Finance

A well thought out race budget is vital to success. A volunteer who has some specialist skills or knowledge of financial administration is the ideal person to employ on this task. Accurate projected costing for the event will be of immense value where Sports Council or other organisations grant aid is being sought.

Entry Fees are for the Race Organiser to decide but it is normal to provide an incentive to TI Members by offering a small discount.

Competitors who are not members of a Recognised Triathlon National Governing Body must pay a One Day TI Membership fee (One Day Licence).

An Event Permit Fee is payable to TI or to the relevant TI Branch at the time of application for sanction. Details will be included in the cover letter accompanying the Race Organisers Pack.

Insurance Cover must be provided for the event. TI sanctioned events are usually covered by the Governing Body's Public Liability Insurance but where there is any doubt clarification can be sought from TI.

Cash prizes are decided by the Race Organiser except where minimum prize funds are set by a National or International Governing Body for specific classes of competition.

2.21 Competitor Information.

For large events such as Championships etc., the following details should be available 14 days in advance of the event:

Venue
Registration location, opening and closing times
Start time
Course details, swim cycle run and transition layout.
Access routes and parking arrangements

This information can be posted on TI Website or one dedicated to the event.

2.22 SWIM SECTION

The Organiser must verify the suitability of any open water swim location. Special emphasis must be given to safety considerations. The term “Open Water” includes sea, river, lake, canal or any venue other than a designated swimming pool.

Factors to consider:

Access to the venue - spectators, competitors, emergency services
Proximity of Transition - access to the cycle course
Tidal conditions, currents or eddies
Water Quality
Other users - jet skis, water skiers etc that might pose a hazard or to whom competitors might pose a hazard
Depth of Water - should be a minimum of 1 metre at any point excluding start and exit.
Conditions underfoot at start and exit
Overhanging or underwater hazards
Available space at Start Point
Identification of Competition Categories - coloured swim caps.

The appointed Water Safety Officer should be someone who has particular experience or knowledge of local conditions. A Water Safety Plan should be prepared. (Appendix H)

Course design, especially for out and back courses, should ensure that swimmers travelling in opposite directions are separated.

A warm up/acclimatisation opportunity should be provided prior to the start. This can only take place when appropriate safety measures are in place and must be subject to control by the organiser.

Diving or jump start is not permitted except in accordance with International Governing Body regulations for major events. A Start from a static position in the water behind a line beyond which only swimming is permitted (minimum depth 1 m.) is recommended. This line can be established by means of rope, or imaginary between two fixed points.

Start and Finish areas should be clearly identified. Start should be wide enough to accommodate the total number of competitors, or the total number in a wave so that they can make a safe start without interference from others. There shall be no sharp turns within the first 200 metres of the swim.

The finish area should be clearly marked to assist with navigation and avoid any confusion as to where the swim has ended and from where the competitors can proceed on foot.

The Swim course should be clearly marked with fixed buoys of at least 1 metre height. A boat or canoe can precede the leading swimmer in each wave to facilitate race safety management but must not be so close as to provide the swimmer with a draft advantage. (See Competition Rules) It should be made clear to competitors during the pre race briefing that navigation of the course is their personal responsibility.

Swimmers must wear brightly coloured swim hats.

Safety cover must be provided. This can be canoes, powered craft, coastguard/lifeboat inshore craft etc. There should be at least one powered craft at every open water event with first aid and hypothermia treatment facilities on board. Extra canoe cover or similar non-powered craft will be needed where motorised craft are not permitted on the water facility.

Water safety personnel must be in the ratio of 1 to 20 competitors at least. . Competitors should never be more than 50 metres from assistance at any point on the swim course. Divers, fully equipped with sub aqua gear, should be in the water at the start of the event and available for speedy deployment to any part of the swim course.

Emergency evacuation points should be identified.

Water conditions in Ireland are such that wet suits will invariably be necessary but it should be remembered that even when water temperature and conditions are good hypothermia could occur depending upon the physical make up/condition of the individual. It is advisable to have warm drinks available.

A swim cut off time should be agreed between the Race referee, Technical Delegate, Race Organiser and Water Safety officer prior to the event. (See competition rules) If any competitor fails to complete the swim before the cut off time s/he should be removed from the water and, subject to medical advice, be allowed to complete the rest of the event but will not qualify for any awards/prizes. The allocated finishing position for such a competitor will always be behind that of the slowest competitor who completes the entire course.

A Swim Identification Control should be established and staffed until all swimmers have safely left the water.

2.22.1 Environmental Considerations

The Race referee, in consultation with the water safety officer, race organiser and TI Technical Delegate, has discretion to shorten or cancel the swim if conditions are such that this is necessary. Planning for the event should take account of this possibility and include alternative arrangements.

Water temperature should be taken as specified in TI rules one hour prior to the start and the referee will decide/confirm the ruling in respect of wearing wetsuits.

Water quality is very important. Local Environmental Health Officers or equivalent should be consulted for advice and assistance in arranging water testing. The results should be displayed prior to the event.

Refer to Competition Rules, for more information on factors that could affect the swim section.

2.22.2 Wave Starts.

Pool based competitions or where an open water event has a large number of entries may necessitate the use of wave starts. A “Wave” is simply a limited number of athletes being started together. Waves can be decided by estimated swim times provided by competitors on their entry forms, or by designated age groups.

Estimated Swim times provides the best option for pool based competitions where swim lanes may be capable of taking 4 - 6 competitors safely. The order of waves in pool swims is generally from the slowest to the fastest with Elite competitors setting off in the last wave. Estimated swim times can also be used to seed swimmers for each lane within an individual wave. For example the fastest swimmers should be allocated to one or two lanes, slowest similarly allocated to one or two lanes. This avoids difficulty arising where one or two swimmers in a lane are much faster than the rest resulting in frequent overtaking and resultant confusion in counting laps.

Timing of waves is critical with sufficient time being allocated to allow slower swimmers to finish before the next wave starts. However a cut off time can be used to avoid inordinate delays where it is clear that a swimmer is struggling. The aim is to ensure that the optimum number of swimmers is in the water as soon as possible.

Swimmers should be issued with different coloured caps within each lane to facilitate lap counting and it is advisable to have two lap counters/timekeepers per lane in order to provide corroboration of the number of laps completed by each swimmer. A pre prepared pro forma is essential to assist lap counters.

Swimmers should be warned when they have two lengths left to swim. A “2 lengths to go” board can be held in the water before the turn point or by tapping on the head as the swimmer turns. The method to be used must be mentioned in the pre race briefing.

There are a number of variations for timing and organisation of pool based competitions including individual timing, timing break between swim and other segments etc. The benefits or otherwise can be discussed in detail with the Technical Delegate as part of the pre event planning process.

Wave starts are usually employed in open water competition with a large number of competitors or to separate racing categories e.g. Age groups, Elite, Male and Female. In open water where wave starts are used simply to control the start e.g. 1 - 5 minute delay, the faster swimmers go first, slowest last. However where waves are timed so that the previous one is finished or almost finished the swim before the next starts it may be possible to let faster swimmers go in the later waves. The number of entries/safety will determine how to structure the wave starts.

Safety is the major consideration in deciding whether to employ wave starts in open water competition. There might be insufficient space to allow all competitors to start together, producing a risk of congestion, crushing at the start. Risks can be minimised by sensible use of wave starts in these circumstances although it is better to have designed the swim course to avoid such hazards.

2.23 CYCLE SECTION

This can present problems because, in the majority of cases, cyclists will be sharing the course with other road users. Triathletes will be wearing the minimum of protective clothing and they can achieve high speeds on the cycle so an accident can result in nasty injuries.

Cycle racing on public roads requires the approval of the Police - a statutory provision.

The design of the cycle course can influence safety. It is preferable to select a course that has left turns because this avoids crossing over traffic, but where right turns are unavoidable it is vital that marshals and police provide supervision. A testing course with hills, particularly in the early stages is desirable, as this tends to separate the field and reduce the incidence of drafting. Lapped or out and back courses present some risks on roads that are open to traffic because there tends to be a higher concentration of cyclists. They are best avoided unless provision can be made to ensure the safety of all road users, congestion will not occur and sufficient draft busters are provided on the route.

Corners should be swept clean of debris, junctions/turns should be marshalled and arrangements made with local police to provide a presence at identified high-risk areas.

Warning signs (Caution Cyclists) (Race/Triathlon in Progress) and Direction signs are essential and all course officials should wear high visibility jackets or bibs.

See also competition rules in respect of drafting, cycle design, condition, wearing of helmets and the requirement to obey the rules of the road throughout the cycle segment.

The first run of a run/cycle/run duathlon should be long enough to ensure that the field is well spaced by the time the cycle section starts. Generally the first run is twice the distance of the second run. All provisions relevant to the cycle section of a triathlon are valid and applicable to duathlon.

2.24 RUN SECTION

Choice of route, condition and type of the running surface, are important factors that should be communicated to competitors as early as possible to enable them to choose the most appropriate clothing and footwear.

Routes on pavements or public walkways are best avoided unless access to them can be strictly controlled. Circuit routes are preferable and it is best to avoid road traffic if at all possible. Out and back or multiple lap courses present some difficulty in making sure that all competitors have completed the course fully. It may be necessary to count the laps by means of issuing a rubber wristband for each lap completed at a given point on the route. A static video camera can be of use in providing evidence of the number of laps completed, should any post event dispute arise. The route should be clearly marked with direction signs and marshals should be positioned at key turn points to ensure that runners are given maximum assistance in navigating the course.

2.25 FINISH AREA

This should be clearly delineated and have a visible “Finish” banner or sign. Medical/first aid facilities are most likely to be required when people finish. Fluid replacement facilities are essential.

Design of the Finish area should be such that competitors can easily access water/fluid stations, obtain nutritional supplements and can speak to the press and/or race commentator without interference from spectators.

Where electronic timing systems are used it will be necessary to retrieve ETC's therefore marshals should be allocated for this purpose.

A “Cut off” time may be needed in the event of time constraints on the competition or for safety reasons. Organisers must remember that the last finisher is deserving of the same support, safety and recognition as the ultimate winner.

2.26 DUATHLONS

Duathlons tend to be organised during the late autumn and winter/spring months whereas triathlons are usually held in the warm summer months.

A duathlon is any two of the triathlon disciplines the most common formats being swim/run and run/cycle/run. Cycle segments are governed by legislation and will require police approval.

Run/cycle/run duathlons are the most popular and offer greater flexibility in terms of choice of venue because there is no swim section. Off road courses present an attractive option for organisers.

All safety precautions relevant to triathlons remain valid for duathlons. Adverse weather conditions during the winter months may present additional hazards that must be addressed in the planning of a duathlon and risk assessments should be amended accordingly.

2.27 RELAY TEAMS

The Race Organiser can decide whether or not to include a Relay category within a triathlon or duathlon competition. A Relay Only competition is an excellent way of attracting people to the sport and provides opportunity for club members, groups and friends to compete together. Relays are popular and attract people who might otherwise not undertake a full event but are prepared to complete a segment. A Relay Team usually comprises three members, one for each discipline.

The usual format is for a team member to complete one discipline before handing over to the next team member in the transition area.

2.28 TEAM/CLUB COMPETITION

A team consists of three scoring athletes but can comprise any number up to a maximum of six. Only the top three finishing athletes will count towards team competition.

Each team member completes the entire race with the accumulated time of the three competitors providing the result. Only teams in which three competitors have completed the course count in the competition.

Team name and individual members forming the team must be registered prior to the competition.

A club competition, for TI affiliated clubs only, can also be incorporated where the accumulated finishing times of the top three finishers, in each gender, from a particular club will count towards the Club prizes in Male and Female categories.

2.29 PRIZES

Prizes and awards can only be given for results in the complete triathlon/duathlon competition. Prizes shall not be awarded for part results in the individual segments.

In Premier League Events prizes will be awarded in every age group competition category and at least to the winner of each group/category.

In all other events Organisers are not required to award prizes for all individual age groups but it is recommended that they should do so. The minimum number of prizes that should be awarded are: Junior, 20 - 39 years, 40 - 49 years and 50+ categories subject to the following:

There shall be at least one prize, in each category, where there are at least three competitors in each category.
A second place prize shall be awarded where there are at least eight competitors in the specific category.
A third place prize shall be awarded where there are at least thirteen competitors in the specific category.
Prizes after third place in any category and the provision of “Spot” prizes are at the discretion of the race organiser.
The prize value in each category shall be equal for male and female.

2.30 CHILDREN'S EVENTS

Although Triathlon is an endurance sport, there is no reason why events cannot be scaled down to enable children to experience competing in a multi-discipline sport.

Many of the organisational aspects of an event for adults are relevant in the staging of a children's event. Competition age categories (youth) commence at age 14 therefore the following notes refer principally to children under that age. It is perfectly acceptable for organisers to include additional categories when planning children's events.

The swim must take place in a heated pool.
The cycle must be in enclosed grounds or roads closed to traffic, on tarmac or grass surface.

Approved helmets must be worn on the cycle section. The emphasis should be on fun for all.

Swim lap counters are advisable, as children tend to lose count if asked to do it themselves.

Sufficient helpers will be needed to provide guidance and assistance on the cycle and run courses. Parents/Guardians may be keen to assist and should be encouraged to do so. In any event they should be present when their child(ren) are taking part, a commitment that should be stated on the entry form.

A water station should be provided.

Guardian/Parental consent must be obtained on the Event Entry Form and specific questions should be asked about any conditions that could pose a risk to the child or others taking part. Child Protection Protocols will at all times be complied with.

Recommended Distances:

Age	Swim	Cycle (Grass)*	Cycle (Tarmac)	Run
8 Years	50m	800m *	1.5km	600m
9 - 10 Years	150m	2km *	4km	1.2km
11 - 12 Years	200m	4km*	6km	1.8km
13 - 14 Years	300m	6km *	8km	2.4km

Shorter distances are acceptable.

*Cycling on grass is more difficult and more physically demanding than on tarmac so distances must be reduced accordingly.

2.31 Public/Press Relations and Promotion

Triathlon Ireland Ltd and the Triathlon Ireland Ltd. Logo are registered Trade Marks and as such are subject to copyright law. The name/logo will be used in the promotion of all events sanctioned by Triathlon Ireland.

Triathlon Ireland asserts its ownership of, and all Television/media rights in respect of, Triathlon Ireland Premier League events.

An event is likely to be well supported if people know that it is taking place. It is therefore essential to ensure that the competition is well publicised. A number of options are open to event organisers:

The event will be published on the TI Race Calendar and detailed on the TI Website.
An on line www entry system is available from TI
Local Press are always keen for a story and full details should be provided including photographs
Highlight any “Local” athletes of interest and profile in the press
Highlight any significant “Elite” athletes who may be likely to compete. TI Technical Delegate can assist with this.
Highlight any human-interest stories, has a competitor overcome serious illness, perhaps the age profile is significant? In these circumstances prior permission must be obtained from the individual.
Circulate “Fliers” and/or Posters to all sports clubs, leisure centres, libraries, tourist information centres, schools, colleges etc.
Display Posters in Business Sponsors premises, Local Authority offices, Police and Fire Stations, Hospitals
Highlight any possible charitable aspects of the event, perhaps people might choose to seek sponsorship for completing the challenge to support a charity
Prepare Press Release (one A4 page) accompanied by additional “Editorial Notes” (background information) and host a formal Press Launch having invited media representatives and provide light refreshments.
Nominate an official (PRO) to talk to the press, select this person carefully making sure that they have the essential communication skills. On many occasions the Organiser is not the best person to talk to the press. This official must pursue and establish relationships with the press.
Ensure that a prompt results service is available for press - e-mail/fax to editorial/sports desks immediately (same day) after the event and include comment on any “Special interest” factors, profile/photographs of the winner, charity support athletes etc.
Post results promptly on websites.
Include TI PRO in all information releases.
Consider use of digital photography and or/video recording, which can enhance future events promotion.

2.32 RISK ASSESSMENT

Please refer to Appendix E (Generic Risk Assessment). This can and should be tailored to suit the specific needs of the event. The Race Organiser should add additional factors relevant to the specific event.

Refer also to Appendix F (TD Checklist). This can also be used to evaluate event organisation and safety.

Refer also to Appendix H (Water Safety Plan). This contains the basic information required to prepare such a plan and defines responsibilities.

Section 3 - Competition Rules

3.0 Roles and Responsibilities of Officials.

Safety is the primary responsibility of the Race Organiser and will at all times be to the fore in decision making by all TI Officials.

3.1 The Triathlon Ireland Technical Delegate (TD)

The TD is an official of TI who has received instruction on the role and is informed in respect of TI Rules and Regulations. In most cases it is preferable to appoint officials who are qualified Race Referees or who have specialist skills/experience of race organisation.
The TD is appointed by TI or TI Provincial Branch Race Secretary acting on behalf of the Committee. The TD will communicate with the Race Organiser at an early stage in the Planning and preparation process and be available for discussion on all aspects of the event relevant to TI Rules and Regulations. This will include:
- Development of the competition
- Compliance with TI Rules and Regulations
- Pre and Post competition events, press coverage etc.
- Marshalling arrangements
Inspects plans, race announcement and information material, course descriptions etc. as soon as the material is available in draft form.
Inspects the proposed course and location and reviews all aspects of the event with the organiser and TI/Provincial Branch Committee.
Will maintain regular contact with the Race Organiser and keep the Local Branch Committee/TI fully informed as to progress in event organisation and in particular will discuss any concerns that might be identified.
Will issue the Race Permit on race day having carried out a final inspection and consulted with the appointed Race Referee, Organiser and Water Safety Officer. The Permit shall be signed by the TD, Race Referee and Race Organiser in accordance with the instructions contained thereon. (Appendix G)
The TD is empowered to withhold or withdraw a Race Permit where it appears that TI Rules and Regulations have not been complied with or in the event of Safety Concerns. Such action should be taken in consultation with the Race Referee, Race Organiser and Water Safety Officer and will be the subject of detailed written report to TI and Provincial Branch Committee.
A TD has authority to instruct an Organiser to restructure the competition in order to make it compliant with TI Rules. A written report will be submitted to TI and/or Provincial Branch Committee in the event of such action.
The TD will NOT interfere directly with the actual competition whilst it is ongoing where s/he is a member of the Appointed Competition Jury. (See Paragraphs 3.5 and 3.6)
The TD will examine, or make the necessary arrangements for the examination of, TI Membership Licences at Registration and the collection of money due for One Day Membership Licences.
The TD shall meet with the Organiser and if necessary the Race Referee and other officials for a post competition debrief.

3.2 The Race Referee

A Race Referee is an official who has successfully completed the TI Referees Training Course. A qualified Race referee can also perform the functions of an Assistant Referee at an event.
A TI Senior Referee is an official who:
- Has been a qualified Referee for a minimum of two years and,
- Has during that time officiated as Race/Assistant Referee on at least 6 occasions or,
- Has undergone additional training at International Governing Body level.
Championship and International Races should have a Senior Referee appointed to officiate.
TI/Provincial Branch Race Secretary will appoint the Race Referee. One or more Assistant Referees may also be appointed for any particular event. Only Trained Race referees can perform the function of Assistant Referee and the appointed Race Referee will at all times have primacy of responsibility.
The Race Referee shall:
- Liase closely with the appointed TD on all aspects of event organisation and will represent the interests of TI/Provincial Branch particularly regarding Competition Rules and Safety.
- Inspect the course together with the TD, Race Organiser and Water Safety Officer/other relevant Marshals on race day.
- Wear distinctive high visibility bib that identifies the role on race day.
- Conduct a pre race briefing to all competitors and team managers within 24 hours of the Start but not later than 15 minutes of the start.
- Review the organisation of the event particularly in respect of safety and compliance with TI Rules and provide a report to TI/Provincial Branch Committee.
- Rule on all personal equipment.
- Retain the right to overrule any marshal/official on a point of interpretation.
- Impose penalties in respect of rules infringements.
- Immediately and prominently post all penalties by race numbers on a penalties board located near the Finish line.
- Review and ensure the validity of all penalties imposed by Assistant referees or Race Marshals.
- Rule on any point not specifically covered in the rules.
- Report breaches of Discipline to TI and Branch Committee.
- Approve the final results before they are announced - except for the outcome of Doping tests.
The Race Referee has authority over all Race Marshals in respect of Rules Enforcement and shall instruct them as to their responsibilities in this regard on race day. S/he will conduct a final briefing of Marshals prior to the competition in conjunction with the TD and Race Organiser.
The Race referee is empowered to call off the competition, or to order the Organiser to restructure the competition in order to comply with TI Rules or in the interests of Safety. Such action should only be taken in close consultation with the Race Organiser, TD, Water Safety Officer or other relevant Senior Marshal.
The Race Referee has discretion to use photographic/video facilities to assist in determining any breach of rules.
Referees should adopt a common-sense attitude in all decisions.

3.3 Race Marshals

Race Marshals are officials who have received instructions from a qualified Race Referee and who have specific allocated areas of responsibility during the competition e.g. Water Safety, Transition, Cycle and Run Routes.
Race Marshals are the only officials other than a Referee who can assess and impose penalties.
A full verbal report will be made to the Race Referee in the event of a penalty being imposed.
Distinctive high visibility identification bibs will be worn during the event.
Race Marshals should ensure safety and fairness through:
- Proactive attitude
- Guidance to athletes throughout the competition
- Non-interference unless necessary
- Imposition of penalties when necessary

3.4 Race Stewards

Are volunteers responsible to the Event Organiser who assist with all aspects of event management, setting up transitions, course layout etc. and who may be used to provide guidance to athletes on competition route. Stewards carry no authority in respect of imposing penalties but can bring any apparent breach of the rules to the attention of a referee and/or race marshal who will investigate and deal with appropriately.

3.5 Competition Jury

A Competition Jury shall be appointed for all events at which a Race Referee officiates and details of the members of the Jury shall be announced at the pre race briefing.
The Jury for International Events will be appointed in compliance with the instructions of the World or European Governing Body.
Home Nations, National Championships and Premier League Series events shall have a Jury consisting of:
- One qualified non-competing Race Referee
- Three other TI Members one of whom will be the Appointed TD
- A TI member from the host Province will chair the Jury.
Other events will have a Jury consisting of:
- One qualified non-competing Race Referee (Chairperson)
- Two other TI Members
If a member of a competition jury has an interest in, or relationship with, any of the parties involved in an appeal that person must declare such interest and will be replaced.

3.6 Appeals/Protest Procedure

An appeal is a request for a review of a decision made by a referee or race marshal.
A protest relates to the conduct of a competitor, race official, or the conditions of the competition.
Appeals/protests cannot be made against "judgment calls" made by officials. This includes, but is not limited to, drafting, dangerous riding, safety issues and unsporting conduct.
Appeals/Protests can be made by:
- Competitors
- An Official Representative Appointed by a competitor
- An Appointed Team Manager.
Appeals/Protests must be made:
- Within One hour of completing or leaving the Course or within One hour of receiving notice of Disqualification
- In writing and given to the Race Referee
- Accompanied by an Appeals fee as determined by TI from time to time. (The fee is refundable if the Appeal is upheld)
Upon receipt of an Appeal/Protest, the Chairperson shall:
- Convene the Jury
- Arrange to receive submissions from all parties concerned
Persons making the Appeal/Protest, Witnesses and Race officials involved must make themselves available to provide evidence at the time and place announced for the meeting of the Jury. Written submissions will be accepted, where anyone cannot attend in person. Failure to attend at, or submit evidence to, the appointed meeting may invalidate the appeal.
The Jury may make use of photographic or video images in its deliberations.
The Jury's verdict shall be final. The decision shall in the first instance be given verbally to the complainant, the Race Official or other party concerned, and be confirmed by written report to Triathlon Ireland Council, which will be copied to the competitor's Provincial Branch Secretary.

3.7 Pre-Race Briefing

The Race Organiser and Race Referee shall give a pre-race briefing within twenty- four hours of the start of the competition but not later than fifteen minutes of the start. It is mandatory for all competitors to attend the briefing.
The Race Organiser will provide any relevant update on the management of the event including any changes to the published information and will pay particular regard to anything that may affect safety. This briefing will include the course layout, technical details, the placement and location of refreshment stations and any special safety precautions that must be observed.
The Race referee will update information on competitor conduct, race and course conditions/alterations, common rules infringements/penalties and safety. The Competition Jury will be identified to competitors.

3.8 General Rules for Competitors

Competitors must conduct themselves in a proper manner and not bring the sport into disrepute. Misconduct will not be accepted.
It is the competitor's responsibility to be well prepared for the competition regarding general health and physical capability.
The competitor is also responsible for pre race preparation, which includes attendance at the briefing, knowing and adhering to TI competition rules, knowing and following the prescribed course.
The Competitor will at all times be conscious of safety, obey the law, traffic regulations and instructions from race officials.
Competitors must follow instructions given by the police. Failure to do so will result in disqualification and may lead to disciplinary action.
Competitors are responsible for their own safety and for the safety of others.
It is the competitor's responsibility to ensure that their equipment is suitable and fit for its intended purpose.
Race equipment must not be discarded at any point on the course but must be placed in the athlete's allotted position in transition.
Teamwork in individual endurance events, (Triathlon, Duathlon and variations of same,) that provides unfair advantage over other competitors is expressly forbidden.
Pacing or outside help is forbidden. This includes but is not limited to, being accompanied or paced by helpers in cars, motorcycles, bicycles or running. It also applies to help in transition such as removal of wetsuit or change of clothing. This rule will not apply in the case of an athlete with a disability where the Race Referee has been fully briefed as to the nature of the necessary assistance prior to the start. (See Paragraph 3.17) Receiving general advice and information from spectators may be acceptable but competitors must be careful that this does not extend to “Outside help” as determined by the judgement of the Referee/Race Marshal.
It is not permitted to give or receive physical help, food or drink except at official refreshment stations.
Medical assistance, first aid or massage provided by the organiser is permitted on the entire course.
A competitor who in the opinion of any race official is physically incapable of continuing shall comply with any instructions to retire from the event and will not be permitted to continue racing.
In the event of an accident, competitors may continue, having received first aid treatment, providing that race officials and/or medical opinion deems them fit to do so.
A competitor will not block, charge or make an abrupt motion so as to interfere with the progress of another competitor whether intentionally or by accident.
Shortcutting or disregarding the official course is forbidden. The entire course as marked by the organiser will be completed. Any competitor, who leaves the course for whatever reason, must re-join it at the same point where they left.
A competitor who retires or withdraws from the race after having registered must inform the nearest race official who will take possession of the individuals Race Numbers and return them to the Race Referee.
A competitor who has been disqualified may continue in the race in order to make an appeal afterwards. Race Numbers can be retained but will be marked "DQ" by the official imposing the penalty.
TI or other Triathlon NGB Membership is a pre-requisite for all competitors in any event sanctioned by TI. All non-members of a Triathlon NGB must take out one-day membership licences. Evidence of membership must be produced on demand to the TI Technical Delegate and/or Race Organiser.
It is the responsibility of the Parent(s) and/or Accompanying Adult(s) to ensure that a child understands these rules and that the child's equipment, clothing, etc, is suitable, maintained, correctly prepared and used.
Failure by a parent/guardian/accompanying adult to carry out instructions from officials, or misconduct may lead to disqualification of the competitor and/or disciplinary action.
Misconduct may include, but is not limited to:
- Threatening, abusive or insulting words or conduct
- Failure to obey marshals/officials instructions
- Handing water bottles or any other equipment to, or collecting them from competitors
- Tampering with the equipment of others
- Unsporting impedance
Competitors should act with integrity. Where an individual realises that they have infringed a competition rule or race instruction they shall be obliged to retire promptly or to exonerate themselves by reporting the violation to the Race Referee.
Competitors will treat other competitors, Race Officials, volunteers and spectators with respect and courtesy. Threatening, abusive or insulting words or conduct are not permitted and competitors may be disqualified for using such.
Persons applying for membership of Triathlon Ireland, or entering for a Triathlon Ireland Sanctioned event, or registering as an official of Triathlon Ireland in any capacity, or otherwise seeking membership benefits will provide accurate, truthful information on any form of application howsoever constituted. Failure to do so may constitute an offence of “Fraud”.

3.9 Equipment

The Competitor is responsible for his/her own equipment and must ensure that it accords with competition rules.
Any equipment that acts as an impediment to hearing or concentration is prohibited from use during an event (including transition). This includes, but is not limited to, personal stereos and mobile telephones (which should be switched off if stored in transition). See Penalties.
Glass containers shall not be used at any time.
Tri bars are banned in children's races on grass and may only be used by children aged 13 or over when racing on tarmac.
Race Numbers will be worn fully visible on the Back on the Cycle Section and on the Front on the Run Section.
Race Numbers will not be cut, folded, or hidden.
The organiser may provide additional body marking but this is not a substitute for, or replacement of, an official race number.
Corporate advertising is permitted on Team Uniforms and Personal equipment.
Refer to Swimming, Cycling and Running sections for additional regulations regarding equipment.

3.10 Sponsorship

Members may seek sponsorship support. All contracts must contain a clause, which permits the triathletes to represent TI when selected to do so, and to wear whatever official team clothing is provided by the Governing Body.
Advertising Logos on clothing and equipment shall not exceed a rectangle measuring 10cms X 60cms. (ITU and ETU Rules apply to events sanctioned by those Governing Bodies)
Where wearing of particular clothing, apparel or logos is a condition of sponsorship, and entry to any event, it should be distributed at least 20 days in advance to all participants. Failure to do so will invalidate any restrictions imposed on entry as a result of this condition.

3.11 Doping

Doping is strictly prohibited in accordance with the protocols of the World Anti Doping Agency, (WADA) to which TI subscribes and fully supports. The protocols of the Irish Sports Council (ISC) the Sports Council Northern Ireland (SCNI) and the ITU also apply.
Therapeutic Exemption may be granted for certain classes of medication, properly prescribed by a Medical Practitioner, subject to Full Registration with the ISC in accordance with Anti Doping Protocols.
Method of Adjudication and Sanctions imposed on anyone who offends against the Anti Doping Rules will comply with the Protocols of the ISC, WADA and ITU Full details of the above procedures and regulations can be obtained from WADA, the ISC, SCNI, ITU or TI.
For the purpose of these Rules, the following are regarded as doping offences:
- The finding in an athlete's body tissue or fluids of a prohibited substance;
- The use or taking advantage of a prohibited technique;
- Admitting to having used or taken advantage of a prohibited substance or a prohibited technique;
- Refusal or failure to submit to doping control;
- Assisting or inciting others to use a prohibited substance or prohibited technique;
- Trafficking, distributing, or selling any prohibited substances other than in the normal course of a recognised profession or trade
- Any other circumstance as determined from time to time by WADA, ITU, ISC or SCNI.

3.12 Transition Area Conduct

Race Officials and competitors are the only persons permitted in transition.
Helpers, friends or family members are not permitted in any transition area except as provided for elsewhere in these rules.
Animals/Pets are not permitted in transition.
Equipment must only be placed in the competitors allotted position and must not hinder the progress of other competitors. Failure to comply or the discarding equipment may result in penalty. (See Penalties)
Cycles must also be placed in the correct allocated position both at the start & finish of the cycle section. Cycles should be racked using either the seat pin or the handlebars/brake levers unless other arrangements are provided. Incorrectly racked cycles may be regarded as impedance to others. (See Penalties)
All competitors must have their helmet securely fastened from the time they remove their bicycle from the rack at the start of the cycle until after they have placed their bicycle on the rack at the finish of the cycle.
Cycling in transition is prohibited. Competitors will mount their cycles and begin riding only when both wheels are outside the transition area as designated by the Race Organiser.
Competitors shall dismount their cycle before entering the designated transition, which will be clearly marked. They may then walk or run with their bike to its allocated position.
Competitors shall not interfere with another competitor's equipment in the transition area.
Competitors must not use any device to mark their position in transition. The referee/race marshals will remove any device or marker and a penalty may be applied.
Race Officials may assist the competitors by receiving and placing their bicycles and handing out their running equipment (bag). However, this service must be the same for all competitors.
Nudity or indecent exposure is forbidden.

3.13 Swimming Conduct

3.13.1 Swim Proficiency Declaration (Open Water Events)

All competitors must sign a Swim Proficiency Declaration prior to the event, in which they confirm that they:

Have completed a continuous pool swim of 1.5 times the length of the competition swim within 30 days of the event or
Have completed a continuous open water swim of at least two-thirds of the length of the competition swim within 30 days of the event
Understand safety and rescue procedures and their own limitations
Are aware of the route, its length, the depth and temperature of the water, the direction of significant currents and any hazards.
Where applicable, are aware that a mass start carries intrinsic difficulties, which can be frightening and present risks, which could include pushing and kicking

This declaration can be included in the event entry form or signed as part of the registration process.

3.13.2 General Rules

It is allowed to walk/run on the bottom at the start and finish, also to stand on the bottom, but once past the commence swimming point, the competitor may not make use of either the bottom or any floating or stationary objects to gain an advantage. For safety reasons it is allowed to rest temporarily on ropes and buoys.
In shallow waters, an exact point when swimming must commence and may cease shall be appointed and marked.
Competitors may swim any style and may tread water or float.
Competitors shall not deliberately obstruct or interfere with other competitors. Contact other than accidental may be regarded as unsporting impedance.
Race organisers may set a time limit for the swimming section, which will be published in all race information and mentioned in all race briefings. Upon expiration of the time limit any competitor still in the water shall be ordered to retire. Competitors refusing to retire will not be insured to continue the swim section and may be subject to disciplinary action by TI.
Race Officials have the authority to pull a competitor out of the competition for safety reasons.
Race Officials may assist tired competitors at the finish of the swim section in the interests of safety.
Diving is not permitted in any competition unless pre-agreed at the time of sanctioning and then only for entry at the start of the swim and for re-entry on multiple lap courses.
In a pool the end walls must be touched with any part of the body at turns.
A Swimmer who retires from the race having been registered to compete must inform swim identification control immediately and, if manual timing is being used, surrender their identification wristband. Failure to report to swim identification control and/or surrender the identification wristband when a swimmer has emerged safely from the water is a serious breach of rules that can result in suspension of membership for a minimum period of one year.

3.13.3 Swimming Equipment, Clothing and Race Numbers

Competition numbers will be marked on the competitor's arm and/or leg prior to the swim and where possible the allocated number should be marked on swim hats.
Minimum Swimming Outfit:
- Men - non-transparent swimming briefs
- Women - non-transparent one or two-piece costume
- Swim cap provided by the Organiser will be worn.
- It is mandatory for competitors to wear a brightly coloured swim hat for all open water competitions.
Artificial aids such as paddles, fins, gloves, socks or other foot coverings and snorkels are prohibited in the swim except where such constitute the essential equipment of an Athlete with a Disability.
A wetsuit may consist of no more than three separate parts, namely hood or hat, upper body and lower body. When separate parts are worn the overlap standing in an ordinary upright position may be no thicker than 5mm. The maximum permitted thickness of material is 5mm.
Wetsuits with thickness exceeding 5 millimetres are forbidden.
The wearing of wetsuit leggings only is not permitted.
Wearing wetsuits when water temperatures are above the upper limit is not allowed. (See paragraph 3.13.4)
Swimming without wetsuit when water temperatures are below those for mandatory wetsuit is not allowed. (See paragraph 3.13.4)

3.13.4 Technical Rules - Swimming

For safety reasons the swimming course shall be shortened on a sliding scale according to the following table, which also shows the longest stay allowed in water of a given temperature:

Water Temperature	Maximum Distance	Longest Stay Allowed
19.0 Celsius	4 km	2 hrs. 15 mins
18.0 Celsius	3 km	1 hr. 40 mins
17.0 Celsius	2 km	1 hr. 10 mins
16.0 Celsius	1 km	35 mins

The following tables will determine the use of wetsuits.
Elite athletes in ITU Olympic Distance Events and the Olympic Games:

Swim Length
Forbidden
above:
Mandatory
below:
Maximum stay
in water
1500m
20o C
14o
30 min

Junior athletes Sprint distance events:

Swim Length
Forbidden
above:
Mandatory
below:
Maximum stay
in water
750m
20o C
14o
20 min

For Age Group competitors:

Swim Length
Forbidden
above:
Mandatory
below:
Maximum stay
in water
1500m
22o C
14o
1 h 10 min
1501-3000m
23o C
15o C
1 h 40 min
3000-4000m
24o C
16o
2 h 15 min

The use of wetsuits will always be recommended for age groups athletes.
Modifications
If weather conditions dictate, i.e., ambient air temperature the TD can adapt the limits on wetsuit use. A ruling on wetsuit use will be made 24 hours before the start of the race, with the final ruling one hour before the start, by the Race Referee and will be clearly communicated to the competitors.
(The minimum temperature for a standard distance swim (1500m) is 12.5°c)
Open Water swimming will not take place where the water temperature is less than 11°C.
When air temperature, wind and/or other weather conditions call for it, the swimming course may be shortened and/or the start delayed.
Water Temperature is measured at several points along the course, including the farthest point from the shore, at a depth of 60 centimetres. The lowest temperature recorded is the official water temperature. This measurement shall take place one hour before the start and be recorded by the Race Referee, Water Safety officer and Race Organiser.

If there is a steady current going in the same direction along the entire swim course, the distance shall be extended according to the following table:

Speed of Current (Knots)	Swimming Distance - Metres
0.0	1500	2500	3800
0.1	1569	2615	3980
0.2	1638	2730	4160
0.3	1707	2845	4340
0.4	1776	2960	4520
0.5	1845	3075	4700
0.8	1914	3190	4880
0.9	2121	3535	5420
1.0	2190	3650	5600
1.1	2259	3765	5780
1.2	2328	3880	5960
1.3	2397	3995	6140
1.4	2466	4110	6320
1.5	2535	4225	6500
1.6	2604	4340	6680
1.7	2673	4455	6860
1.8	2742	4570	7040
1.9	2811	4685	7220
2.0	2880	4800	7400
1 Knot equals	1.852 m/h

Swimming is not allowed against a current stronger than 0.3 knots.

Where the wind is blowing at a Force 3 (gentle breeze, 7 - 10 knots) the Race Director, Race Referee, Water Safety Officer and if deemed necessary the Diver Team Leader will consider whether to shorten or change the course or postpone/cancel the swim. The Event Sponsor and/or any media interests will be excluded from these discussions.
Open Water swimming will not take place where wind conditions are at a strength of Force 5 (Fresh breeze, 17 - 21 knots) or more.
An outline Water Safety Plan is provided at Appendix H

3.14 Cycling Conduct

3.14.1 General Rules

The cycling segment of the competition will be carried out as individual cycling without a support vehicle.
A competitor is not permitted to:
- Block others
- Cycle while their bare torso is exposed
- Make forward progress without the bicycle.
Cycling is not allowed in transition area.
Traffic Regulations must be obeyed if the course is not closed to other traffic.
Instructions from Police officers will be obeyed.
Competitors shall exercise all due caution when presented with a hazard.
A competitor may not compete in the cycling segment with a bare torso. The lower body must also be covered adequately.
Allocated Race number will be visible and worn on the Back during the cycle segment. Where a cycle race number has been issued this will be displayed on the bicycle.
Race officials may assist the competitors by giving/receiving their cycles and cycling equipment at transition. However, this service must be the same for all competitors.
Competitors are personally responsible that their bicycles are in legally satisfactory condition and for providing necessary tools and spare parts to carry out repairs themselves. Receiving help, in the course of the competition, from others is not permitted including from fellow competitors.
All bicycle parts may be changed during the course of the competition except the frame itself.

3.14.2 Drafting

Drafting is the term to describe the act of taking shelter behind or beside another competitor or vehicle, within the “Draft Zone” during the cycling segment.
Competitors are not allowed to Draft and all competitors must reject any attempt by others to draft.
Drafting is allowed, by exception to the normal rule, in certain ITU, ETU and Championship events. In such circumstances the Rules of the ITU, ETU will be applied.
A competitor who does not clearly avoid violating the drafting rules may receive a penalty.
In Sprint and Standard Distance events the “Draft Zone” is a rectangle surrounding every competitor that is 3 metres wide and extends to 7 metres behind the front wheel of the competitor's bicycle. The front edge of the front bicycle wheel will define the centre of the leading 3-metre edge of the rectangle. A competitor may enter the draft zone but must be seen to be making forward progress. A maximum of 15 seconds will be allowed for a competitor to pass through the draft zone. (ITU/ETU RULE 2005)
The draft zone of one competitor may not overlap the draft zone of another competitor.
A competitor is overtaken when the front wheel of another competitor's bicycle is ahead of theirs. It is then his/her responsibility to drop out of the draft zone, either sideways, or by dropping back.
Side by side riding is only allowed on courses that are fully closed to traffic. Single file riding will apply to all open or semi-open courses.
It is not allowed to gain unfair advantage by drafting on officials' escort vehicles or vehicles being used by media etc. Minimum bicycle/vehicle separation will be 35 metres long by 5 metres wide.
A competitor may enter a bicycle draft zone (subject to the official's judgment) in the following circumstances:
- If the competitor enters the draft zone, and progresses through it within 15 seconds
- For safety reasons
- At an aid station
- At the exit or entrance of a transition area
- At an acute turn
- If race officials exclude a section of the course because of narrow lanes, construction works, detours, or for other safety reasons.

3.14.3 Cycling Equipment

Note that ITU Competition Rules will apply to all events sanctioned by ITU/ETU. These rules may vary in respect of cycle characteristics dependent upon the category of International Competition. Details can be obtained from the ITU or ETU Websites.
Elite category competitors must acquaint themselves fully with international rules prior to travel in order to avoid possible exclusion on technical grounds.
Bicycles must be well maintained, roadworthy and have the following characteristics:
- No more than two (2) metres long and 75 centimetres wide.
- Measure at least 24 centimetres from the ground to the centre of the chain wheel axle.
- A vertical line touching the front-most point of the saddle will be no more than 5 centimetres in front of and no more than 15 centimetres behind a vertical line passing through the centre of the chain wheel axle. A competitor must not have the capability of adjusting the saddle beyond these limits during competition.
- Measure no less than 54 centimetres and no more than 65 centimetres between a vertical line passing through the centre of the chain wheel axle and a vertical line through the centre of the front wheel axle. Exceptions may be given for the bicycles of children and very tall or very short competitors.
- Windbreaks or other bodywork or other substantial means of reducing wind resistance on machines is prohibited.
- The front wheel may be a different diameter than the rear wheel but must be of spoke construction. Wheel covers or disc wheels are allowed on the rear wheel only.
- No wheel may contain mechanisms that are capable of accelerating it.
- There must be a brake on each wheel.
- Add-ons such as computer or lighting brackets and mounting points must be positioned so as to prevent injury in the event of a crash or collision with other competitors or spectators. NOTE: this also applies to mountain bike handlebar extensions.
- In Youth category competitions a maximum gear of 94” is prescribed. The bike may only cover a maximum distance of 7.49 metres with one rotation of the crank. If no correction takes place the competitor is not allowed to start.
Cycles should be marked with the competitor's number, a suitable label should be provided by the organiser.

3.14.3.1 Handlebars

Handlebar ends must be plugged.
The following restrictions apply to Draft Legal Races Only:
- Only traditional drop handlebars are permitted
- Clip-on bars will be permitted provided they do not extend more than 15 cm beyond the front wheel axle, and they are not longer than the brake levers' foremost line.
- Clip-on bars must be bridged, and must not carry forward facing brake levers.
- No forward facing bar or gear shifters are allowed on the end of the clip-on bars. The only exception will be grip shifters.
- Elbow pads are permitted.

3.14.3.2 Helmets

Cycling helmets are compulsory.
Safety helmets must have ANSI Z90.4, SNELL B90, EN 1078 or an equivalent national safety standard. (NOTE: a CE mark is NOT an approval mark.)
Helmets must remain structurally unaltered, elastic chin straps are not permitted.
The helmet must be securely fastened at all times when the competitor is in possession of the bicycle, i.e., from the time they remove their bicycle from the rack at the start of the cycle, until after they have placed their bicycle on the rack at the finish of the cycle.
Helmets and cycles will be checked to ensure that they meet the above requirements by a race official. This does not certify that bikes are roadworthy or helmets are safe. It is the responsibility of every competitor to ensure that their helmet and cycle meet the requirements. Competitors who fail to do so may, for reasons of safety, be prevented from participating.

3.15 Running Conduct

The Competitor:
- May run or walk as the only means of locomotion.
- May not crawl
- May not run with a bare torso.
- Will wear race number visible on the front.
Competitors shall at all times run so that they do not deliberately obstruct or interfere with other competitors, making contact other than by accident shall be declared unsporting impedance.

3.16 Discipline of Competitors and Penalties

Where a competitor fails to comply with the TI Competition Rules a penalty may be imposed.
Competitors may only be penalised by readily identifiable race referees.
All infringements are to be reported to the senior race referee who will have the responsibility of posting penalties.
Penalties may be issued or disqualifications given at any time up to the announcement of the final results, except where drug testing is involved, when results must be considered provisional until test results are known.

3.16.1 Warnings

It is not necessary for an official to give a warning prior to issuing a more serious penalty. The purpose of a warning is to alert a competitor about a possible rule violation and to promote a "proactive" attitude on the part of officials.
A warning will be given at the discretion of the official. They shall assess a warning by:
- Sounding a whistle or horn
- Showing a yellow card
- Calling the competitor's number and any relevant instruction.
A warning may be given when:
- A competitor violates a rule unintentionally
- An official believes a violation is about to occur
- No advantage has been gained.
When assessed a yellow card, the competitor will stop in a safe manner and follow the instructions of the official. If on a bicycle, the competitor will stop in a safe manner and dismount with both feet on one side of the bicycle. When the official so directs, the competitor will continue in a safe manner.

3.16.2 Disqualification

A disqualification is a penalty appropriate for a violation.
Officials assess a disqualification by:
- Sounding a horn or whistle
- Waving a red flag or card
- Calling the competitor's number.
A competitor may finish the race if an official calls a disqualification. A disqualified competitor may appeal the decision (except in the case of a judgment call) in accordance with the provisions of Appeals of the Competition Rules.

3.16.3 Appropriate Penalties

The following penalties will be imposed for infringements.

3.16.3.1 Disqualification

A competitor may be disqualified for, but not limited to the following:

Threatening, abusive or insulting words or conduct
Breaking road traffic regulations
Dangerous conduct/riding
Diving (except as provided for in International Rules)
Failing to obey marshals or the police
Nudity
Receiving Outside assistance
Tampering with the equipment of others
Unsporting impedance - including but not limited to incorrectly racked bikes, discarded equipment and the use of marking devices, which impede others
Two (2) drafting violations noted by motorcycle referee(s) or four reports from static draft-control marshals or one (1) drafting violation (motorcycle referee) and three reports from static draft-control marshals. N.B. There is no requirement for a draft-control marshal to indicate that a competitor has been reported
Course irregularities, shortcutting or leaving (unless the competitor returns to the point at which he or she left the course, or a point on the course prior to it, and then completes the course)
Breach of conduct by parent/guardian/accompanying adult

3.16.3.2 Disqualification If Fault Not Rectified After A Warning

Illegal equipment (swim, cycle or run equipment)
Banned equipment including but not limited to mobile telephones and personal stereos
Illegal progress (during swim, cycle or run)
Racing topless

3.16.3.3 Time Penalty

Helmet violations (unclipping helmet whilst in contact with the cycle)
Number violations (not able to be altered after a warning)
Riding in the transition area
Markers in transition that cannot be removed but do not impede the progress of others
Drafting: One (1) drafting violation noted by a motorcycle referee or three (3) reports from static draft-control marshals N.B. There is no requirement for the marshal to indicate that a report has been made. Motorcycle referees may not necessarily provide an audible or visible warning for a drafting violation in the interests of safety.

3.16.4 Disciplinary Action.

Triathlon Ireland may invoke disciplinary action in the case of any member, athlete, or the parent/guardian/accompanying adult of any athlete, whose conduct has, or is likely to, bring the sport, and/or Triathlon Ireland, into disrepute.
Triathlon Ireland reserves the right, where deemed necessary in view of the gravity of any allegation made, to appoint a Committee to conduct all necessary investigations and report to the Governing Council.
Failure to comply with TI Rules may result in a member being warned, disqualified, suspended, or expelled.
Suspension
Means a member will not take part in TI activities during a stated suspension period. A member may be suspended for, (but not limited to):
- Threatening Abusive or insulting words or conduct
- Fraud, e.g., joining TI/entering competition under an assumed name or age, falsifying an affidavit, or giving false information
- Participating when not eligible
- Repeated violations of TI Rules
- Drug abuse
- Whilst under criminal investigation for any alleged offence involving breach of trust or abuse of a position of authority within TI.
Suspensions will be assessed by the Investigation Committee, for lengths from three months to four years subject to ratification by TI Governing Council. After suspension, a competitor must make formal application for reinstatement.
Expulsion
Persons expelled from membership will not take part in TI activities.
A member will be expelled for life (but not be limited to):
- For a second drug offence as outlined in the ITU, TI Doping Control Rules and Procedural Guidelines and the World Anti-Doping Agency Rules.
- For an unusual and violent act or behavior.
- Upon conviction for any criminal offence where a breach of trust or abuse of position of authority within TI is evident.
If the suspension or expulsion is for drug abuse, the competitor will not be able to compete in any other sport whose federation is recognized by the ISC and/or SCNI
Members charged with a violation have the right to appeal, except in the case of judgement calls by officials.

3.17 Additional Rules for Physically Challenged Competition

3.17.1 Competition Categories: shall be as determined by ITU Competition Rules.

3.17.2 General Rules

For the physically challenged participants in any competition sanctioned by or conducted under the auspices of Triathlon Ireland the rules of that organization will apply with only the specific modifications outlined in this section:

All blind athletes must be guided regardless of the degree of blindness
The person guiding them may not pull blind athletes through the racecourse at any time. Especially during the run portion of the race the guide must not at anytime be in front of the blind athlete and be judged as pulling the athlete along.
Blind athletes must be guided by the same gender as the athlete.
On the run portion of the race course the only acceptable footwear is running shoes. The only exception to this rule refers to leg amputees who may use a flex foot or similar prosthetic.
Athletes will be required to provide a doctors letter outlining their degree of disability.<

3.17.3 Transition Area Conduct.

Assistance to physically challenged triathletes in and out of the water; to and in transition shall be permitted.
Assist dogs will not be allowed at any time.
Securing qualified aides shall be the responsibility of the triathletes and all such aides shall be identified to the referee.
It is the responsibility of each competitor to have adequate assistance with appropriate credentials/qualifications.
All aides shall be subject to rules of competition and any further instructions deemed appropriate by the referee.
Any infraction perpetrated by an aide, that enhances the performance of one competitor over another may in the discretion of the referee be grounds for a penalty or imposed on the competitor whose performance was enhanced.

3.17.4 Swimming Conduct / Equipment

Artificial propulsive devices, including but not limited to fins, paddles, or floating devices of any kind will not be allowed resulting in disqualification.
Wetsuits will be allowed, at all temperatures. It will be left up to the athlete to determine if it is too warm to wear a wetsuit.

3.17.5 Cycling Conduct / Equipment

All bicycles, tricycles, hand-cycles shall be propelled by human force. Arms or legs shall be used to propel the cycle but not both. Prostheses are permissible. Any violation shall result in disqualification.
For physically challenged triathletes “bicycle” shall include bicycle, tricycle, hand-cycle and or racing wheelchair.
Bicycle specifications shall conform to those in general use and shall be subject to inspection by the referee before the event to ensure safety and fair competition.
There will be no protective shield, faring or other device, which has the effect of reducing resistance. Aerodynamic carriers need not be attached to handlebars of tricycle or hand-cycle.
There must be at least one working brake (generally on the drive wheel) capable of safely stopping/ slowing the vehicle.
Physically challenged triathletes who use a standard bicycle shall be governed by the aforementioned specifications regarding length, height, width, number of wheels, and front to center distance.

3.17.6 Running Conduct / Equipment

Physically challenged triathletes may use prosthesis, canes or crutches to ambulate the course.
Physically challenged triathletes who perform this section in a wheelchair shall be governed by the rules of Triathlon Ireland, which shall include wheelchair specifications as well as racing conduct.
Wheelchair Specifications: The wheelchair shall have at least two large wheels and one small wheel. The wheelchair design must not incorporate any device to enhance its aerodynamic capacity.
All wheels may be spoke, solid or composite construction. Wheel covers are permitted. The maximum diameter of the large wheel including the inflated tire shall not exceed 70 cm. and maximum diameter of the small wheel including the inflated tire shall not exceed 50 cm. Only one plain, round, standard type hand-rim is allowed for each large wheel.
No mechanical gears or levers shall be allowed that may be used to propel the chair.
There is no limit on the length of the racing wheelchair. Only hand operated mechanical steering devices will be allowed.
Athletes must exercise care that no part of their lower limbs can fall to the ground during a race.
Competitors may receive technical advice from cycle computer type devices installed on their own wheelchairs.
In no instance may a physically challenged athlete on the run section use a bicycle, hand-cycle, tricycle, motorized vehicle or other equipment used in the cycling leg.
It is permissible to use a legal “racing wheelchair” such as that defined above in the cycling or the running section of a triathlon providing there is no risk to the safety of any participant or time violation (e.g.) failure to meet cutoff time established by the referee.